Hydropower and Fish Migration: What Is a Hydro-Friendly Passage?

Hydropower dams play a crucial role in generating renewable energy, but they can also pose challenges for fish migration, especially for diadromous species such as salmon and sturgeon. The decline in fish populations due to barriers created by hydropower dams is a concern for the sustainability of commercial and recreational fisheries. To address this issue, NOAA Fisheries works with partners to identify and implement solutions to reopen rivers to migratory fish while still maintaining hydropower generation. The Federal Power Act allows NOAA Fisheries to issue mandatory conditions for fish passage and recommend other protection measures.

There are various types of fish passage structures that can help fish navigate around or over dams, such as fish ladders, elevators, bypass channels, nature-like fishways, and trap and haul methods. These structures need to be well-maintained and operated in a fish-friendly manner to ensure the survival of fish populations. New technologies and mitigation measures are also being developed, such as tools to guide fish away from turbine intakes and electroshocks to safely flush fish through turbines. It is important for stakeholders, including hydropower operators, environmental advocates, and government agencies, to engage in discussions and collaborations to address the challenges of fish passage at hydropower dams and protect the natural environment while producing renewable energy.

Key Takeaways:

• Hydropower dams can pose challenges for fish migration, particularly diadromous species like salmon and sturgeon.
• NOAA Fisheries works to implement solutions that balance hydropower generation with the needs of migratory fish.
• Fish passage structures like ladders, elevators, and bypass channels can help fish navigate around dams.
• Proper maintenance and operation of fish passage structures are essential for the survival of fish populations.
• New technologies and mitigation measures are being developed to enhance fish migration at hydropower dams.

Understanding Hydropower Dams and Their Impact

To understand the importance of a hydro-friendly passage, it is essential to grasp the concept of hydropower dams and their role in producing hydroelectric power. Hydropower, also known as hydroelectric power, is generated by capturing the energy of flowing or falling water.

Hydropower dams are large structures built across rivers or other water bodies to store water in reservoirs. This stored water is then released to flow through turbines, which spin generators to produce electricity. Hydropower is a clean and renewable source of energy, contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

However, the construction and operation of hydropower dams can pose challenges for fish migration. Fish, especially diadromous species like salmon and sturgeon, rely on rivers and streams to complete their life cycles. Hydropower dams can create barriers that prevent fish from swimming upstream to reach spawning grounds or downstream to reach the ocean.

As a result, fish populations can decline, posing a threat to the sustainability of commercial and recreational fisheries. To address this issue, NOAA Fisheries, in collaboration with partners, works to identify and implement solutions that balance the need for hydropower generation with the protection of fish species and their habitats. The Federal Power Act grants NOAA Fisheries the authority to issue mandatory conditions for fish passage at hydropower dams and recommend other protection measures.

Impacts on Fish Migration

Type of Impact	Description
Barrier Effect	Hydropower dams create physical barriers that block fish migration routes, preventing them from reaching essential habitats.
Loss of Spawning Grounds	When fish are unable to swim upstream, they are unable to reach their traditional spawning grounds, leading to a decline in their populations.
Altered Flow Regimes	The regulation of water flow by hydropower dams can disrupt natural river flow patterns, affecting fish migration cues and behavior.
Turbine Mortality	Fish passing through turbines can be injured or killed due to the high speed and turbulence of the water.

Addressing the impacts of hydropower dams on fish migration requires the implementation of fish passage structures that allow fish to safely navigate around or over the dams. Some common types of fish passage structures include fish ladders, elevators, bypass channels, nature-like fishways, and trap and haul methods.

To ensure the survival of fish populations, these structures must be well-maintained and operated in a fish-friendly manner. Regular maintenance and proper design are crucial to creating a safe passage for fish. Additionally, new technologies and mitigation measures are continually being developed to further enhance fish migration at hydropower dams, such as fish guiding tools and turbine intake guidance systems.

Collaboration and stakeholder engagement are key in addressing the challenges of fish passage at hydropower dams. Hydropower operators, environmental advocates, and government agencies must work together to find sustainable solutions that balance the benefits of renewable energy generation with the protection of fish species and the natural environment.

Threats to Fish Migration from Hydropower Dams

The construction of hydropower dams has resulted in significant challenges for fish migration, leading to a decline in fish populations and posing a threat to the sustainability of commercial and recreational fisheries. These dams create barriers that can impede the natural movement of fish, preventing them from reaching their spawning grounds or accessing essential habitats. The disruption of fish migration patterns can have far-reaching consequences for both marine and freshwater ecosystems.

To address this issue, it is crucial to understand the specific threats that hydropower dams pose to fish migration. The barriers created by these dams can include physical obstacles, such as large concrete structures or impassable turbines, that prevent fish from reaching their intended destinations. Additionally, changes in water flow patterns and quality caused by the dams can further complicate fish migration. These alterations can disrupt the normal cues and instincts that fish rely on to navigate their way upstream or downstream.

The decline in fish populations resulting from hydropower dam barriers is a concern for both commercial and recreational fisheries. Commercial fisheries depend on healthy fish populations for sustainable harvesting, while recreational fishing supports local economies and provides recreational opportunities for millions of anglers. When fish populations decline, it can lead to negative ecological impacts and economic losses.

Sustainable Solutions for Fish Passage

To mitigate the threats posed by hydropower dams to fish migration, various solutions are being implemented. One approach is the construction of fish passage structures that enable fish to bypass or overcome the barriers created by dams. These fish passage structures include fish ladders, elevators, bypass channels, nature-like fishways, and trap and haul methods. By providing alternative routes, these structures help fish navigate around or over dams, allowing them to continue their migratory journeys.

However, it is not enough to solely rely on the presence of fish passage structures. It is crucial that these structures are well-maintained and operated in a fish-friendly manner. Proper maintenance ensures that the structures remain functional and effective in facilitating fish migration. Additionally, operating the structures in a fish-friendly manner means considering the specific needs and behaviors of different fish species, ensuring their safe passage.

Furthermore, new technologies and mitigation measures are continuously being developed to enhance fish migration at hydropower dams. These innovations include fish guiding tools that direct fish away from the dangerous turbine intakes, as well as electroshocks that safely flush fish through turbines. By combining these emerging technologies with the use of well-maintained fish passage structures, the survival of fish populations can be improved, reducing the negative impact of hydropower dams on fish migration.

NOAA Fisheries’ Role in Addressing the Issue

NOAA Fisheries, in collaboration with partners, plays a crucial role in identifying and implementing solutions to reopen rivers to migratory fish while still ensuring hydropower generation. The decline in fish populations caused by barriers created by hydropower dams poses a significant challenge to the sustainability of commercial and recreational fisheries. To address this issue, NOAA Fisheries utilizes its authority under the Federal Power Act to issue mandatory conditions for fish passage and recommend other protection measures.

One of the key priorities for NOAA Fisheries is to advocate for the development and maintenance of fish passage structures that facilitate safe fish migration. These structures, such as fish ladders, elevators, bypass channels, nature-like fishways, and trap and haul methods, help fish navigate around or over dams. It is essential that these structures are well-maintained and operated in a fish-friendly manner to ensure the survival of fish populations.

Furthermore, NOAA Fisheries is actively involved in the research and development of emerging technologies and mitigation measures that can further enhance fish migration at hydropower dams. Fish guiding tools, turbine intake guidance systems, and electroshocks are among the innovative approaches being explored. These technologies aim to provide safer passage for fish and reduce the impact of hydropower generation on fish populations.

Collaboration and stakeholder engagement are paramount in addressing the challenges of fish passage at hydropower dams. Through engaging with hydropower operators, environmental advocates, and government agencies, NOAA Fisheries aims to foster discussions and collaborations that lead to the implementation of effective and sustainable fish passage solutions. By finding the balance between hydropower generation and fish migration, we can protect the natural environment while still producing renewable energy.

Types of Fish Passage Structures

To facilitate fish migration around hydropower dams, different types of fish passage structures have been developed, including fish ladders, elevators, bypass channels, nature-like fishways, and trap and haul methods. These structures provide alternative routes for fish to navigate through or around the barriers created by dams, ensuring their safe passage and contributing to the sustainability of fish populations.

Fish ladders are one of the most commonly used fish passage structures. They consist of a series of ascending pools or steps that mimic natural river conditions, allowing fish to swim upstream. Fish ladders are particularly effective for species that can jump or leap, such as salmon and trout. They provide a gradual gradient with resting areas, enabling fish to overcome the vertical height of the dam.

Nature-like fishways

Nature-like fishways are designed to mimic the natural river environment and provide a more natural passage for fish. They incorporate various elements, such as rocks, vegetation, and flowing water, to create an environment that attracts fish and encourages their movement. These fishways are especially beneficial for species that prefer shallow, turbulent waters, such as sturgeon and lamprey.

• Fish ladders
• Elevators
• Bypass channels
• Nature-like fishways
• Trap and haul methods

Elevators are another type of fish passage structure commonly used in situations where the vertical distance between water levels is significant. They consist of a large chamber or well that can be filled with water, allowing fish to be lifted or lowered past the dam. Elevators are particularly suitable for species that cannot climb fish ladders or navigate through fast-flowing water.

Bypass channels are designed to divert water around the dam, creating an alternative pathway for fish migration. These channels can be constructed adjacent to the main dam or incorporated within the dam structure. Bypass channels provide a more natural flow environment for fish, allowing them to swim freely without encountering the barriers posed by the dam.

Trap and haul methods involve physically capturing fish below the dam and transporting them above the barrier. This method is often used when other fish passage structures are not feasible or effective. Fish are typically caught using specialized nets or traps, then transported by truck or boat to a suitable release location above the dam.

Fish Passage Structure	Description
Fish Ladders	A series of ascending pools or steps that mimic natural river conditions, allowing fish to swim upstream.
Elevators	Large chambers or wells that can be filled with water, allowing fish to be lifted or lowered past the dam.
Bypass Channels	Channels designed to divert water around the dam, creating an alternative pathway for fish migration.
Nature-like Fishways	Fish passage structures designed to mimic the natural river environment and provide a more natural passage for fish.
Trap and Haul Methods	Physically capturing fish below the dam and transporting them above the barrier.

Each fish passage structure has its own advantages and considerations, depending on the species of fish, the characteristics of the dam, and the surrounding environment. The selection and design of fish passage structures require careful consideration and collaboration among stakeholders, including hydropower operators, environmental advocates, and government agencies, to ensure the most effective and fish-friendly solution is implemented.

Importance of Well-Maintained and Fish-Friendly Structures

To achieve successful fish migration, it is vital to have well-maintained and fish-friendly structures that prioritize the survival of fish populations. Hydropower dams can pose significant challenges to fish migration, with barriers created by these structures contributing to the decline in fish populations. Diadromous species like salmon and sturgeon are particularly affected, impacting the sustainability of commercial and recreational fisheries.

Recognizing the importance of maintaining both hydropower generation and fish migration, NOAA Fisheries works alongside partners to identify and implement solutions that can reopen rivers to migratory fish. Through the Federal Power Act, NOAA Fisheries has the authority to issue mandatory conditions for fish passage and recommend other protection measures, ensuring that the impact on fish populations is mitigated.

There are various types of fish passage structures that can assist fish in navigating around or over dams. These include fish ladders, elevators, bypass channels, nature-like fishways, and trap and haul methods. However, it is crucial that these structures are well-maintained and operated in a fish-friendly manner. Proper operation and maintenance of fish passage structures are essential to providing a safe passage for fish, enabling their survival and contributing to the recovery of fish populations.

Table: Types of Fish Passage Structures

Type of Structure	Description
Fish Ladders	Series of ascending pools or steps that fish can use to bypass dams
Elevators	Vertically moving compartments that lift fish above or below dams
Bypass Channels	Alternate channels that divert fish around dams
Nature-like Fishways	Structured waterways that mimic natural river conditions
Trap and Haul Methods	Fish are captured and transported around dams

As technology advances, there are emerging tools and mitigation measures being developed to further enhance fish migration. These include fish guiding tools, turbine intake guidance systems, and electroshocks. These innovative approaches aim to guide fish away from turbine intakes and safely flush them through turbines, reducing potential harm during migration.

Collaboration and stakeholder engagement are essential in addressing the challenges of fish passage at hydropower dams. This involves close involvement from hydropower operators, environmental advocates, and government agencies. By working together, we can find sustainable solutions that balance the benefits of hydropower generation with the protection of fish migration and the natural environment.

Emerging Technologies and Mitigation Measures

In addition to traditional fish passage structures, new technologies and mitigation measures are being developed to improve fish migration at hydropower dams. These innovative approaches aim to enhance the safety and effectiveness of fish passage, ultimately contributing to the conservation of fish populations and the sustainability of fisheries. Let’s explore some of these emerging technologies and mitigation measures.

Fish Guiding Tools

One promising solution is the use of fish guiding tools, which help direct fish away from turbine intakes and towards safer passage routes. These tools can include underwater lights, sounds, or physical barriers that create visual or acoustic cues to guide fish away from potentially dangerous areas. By giving fish a clear pathway to navigate around the dam, these tools reduce the risk of injury or mortality caused by turbine blades or other hydroelectric equipment.

Electroshocks

Another innovative approach is the use of electroshocks to safely flush fish through turbines. By temporarily stunning the fish with an electrical current, they can be directed towards alternative migration paths, bypassing the risk of turbine-related injuries. This method has shown promising results in studies and is being further developed and tested to optimize its effectiveness and minimize potential negative impacts on fish.

These emerging technologies and mitigation measures demonstrate the ongoing efforts to find more efficient and environmentally friendly solutions for fish migration at hydropower dams. By combining the expertise of scientists, engineers, and stakeholders, we can work towards achieving a balance between hydropower generation and the protection of fish populations. The collaboration between hydropower operators, environmental advocates, and government agencies is crucial for the successful implementation of these advancements. Together, we can ensure the sustainability of our energy resources while safeguarding the natural environment and the diverse aquatic species that rely on healthy river ecosystems.

Collaboration and Stakeholder Engagement

Given the complex nature of fish passage at hydropower dams, collaboration and engagement among stakeholders, including hydropower operators, environmental advocates, and government agencies, are crucial to finding effective solutions. The challenges posed by hydropower dams to fish migration require a collective effort to ensure the sustainability of both hydropower generation and fish populations.

Hydropower operators play a key role in implementing fish-friendly passage structures and maintaining their proper functioning. By working closely with environmental advocates and government agencies, they can incorporate the best practices and innovative technologies to minimize the impact on fish migration. This collaborative approach allows for the development of effective strategies tailored to the specific needs of each hydropower dam and the fish species affected.

Examples of Stakeholder Engagement

One example of successful collaboration is the partnership between NOAA Fisheries and hydropower operators to improve fish passage conditions. Through ongoing dialogue and joint research efforts, hydropower operators gain valuable insights into the behavior and needs of migratory fish. This knowledge informs the design and implementation of fish passage structures that effectively guide fish around or over dams, allowing them to complete their natural migration routes.

Table: Key Stakeholders and Their Roles

Stakeholder	Role
Hydropower Operators	Implementing fish-friendly passage structures, maintaining their operation
Environmental Advocates	Providing expertise, advocating for the protection of fish populations
Government Agencies	Regulating fish passage requirements, issuing mandatory conditions

Environmental advocates play a crucial role in raising awareness about the impact of hydropower dams on fish migration and advocating for the implementation of fish-friendly passage structures. Their expertise in fish biology and conservation practices contributes to the development of sustainable solutions.

Government agencies, such as NOAA Fisheries, have the authority to regulate fish passage requirements and issue mandatory conditions for hydropower operators. Their involvement ensures compliance with regulations and the protection of fish populations. Additionally, government agencies facilitate collaboration among stakeholders and provide support for research and mitigation efforts.

Environmental Protection and Renewable Energy Generation

Finding a balance between environmental protection and renewable energy generation is essential, and ensuring fish passage at hydropower dams is a key aspect of achieving this balance. Hydropower dams can have a significant impact on fish migration, particularly for diadromous species like salmon and sturgeon. The barriers created by these dams can lead to a decline in fish populations, which poses a threat to the sustainability of commercial and recreational fisheries.

To address this issue, NOAA Fisheries, along with its partners, works diligently to identify and implement solutions that allow migratory fish to access rivers while still maintaining hydropower generation. Under the authority of the Federal Power Act, NOAA Fisheries has the power to issue mandatory conditions for fish passage and recommend additional protection measures.

There are various types of fish passage structures that can assist fish in navigating around or over hydropower dams. These include fish ladders, elevators, bypass channels, nature-like fishways, and trap and haul methods. However, it is crucial that these structures are well-maintained and operated in a fish-friendly manner to ensure the survival of fish populations.

New technologies and mitigation measures are also being developed to enhance fish migration at hydropower dams. These include fish guiding tools, turbine intake guidance systems, electroshocks, and other innovative approaches. Additionally, collaboration and engagement from stakeholders such as hydropower operators, environmental advocates, and government agencies are vital in addressing the challenges of fish passage and protecting the natural environment while still producing renewable energy.

Fish Passage Structure	Description
Fish Ladders	Series of ascending steps that allow fish to swim upstream through a dam.
Elevators	Mechanical devices that lift fish vertically to bypass dam structures.
Bypass Channels	Channels built adjacent to dams that reroute fish around the structures.
Nature-like Fishways	Simulated natural river structures that provide a gradual slope for fish migration.
Trap and Haul Methods	Physically capturing fish and transporting them around the dam.

In Conclusion: Balancing Hydropower and Fish Migration

Balancing the generation of hydropower with the need for safe fish migration and environmental protection requires collaborative efforts and innovative solutions. Hydropower dams can have a significant impact on fish migration, particularly for diadromous species like salmon and sturgeon. The decline in fish populations caused by barriers created by these dams poses a serious threat to the sustainability of commercial and recreational fisheries.

Fortunately, organizations like NOAA Fisheries are working diligently with partners to address this issue. Under the authority granted by the Federal Power Act, NOAA Fisheries can issue mandatory conditions for fish passage and recommend other protection measures. This collaboration between hydropower operators, environmental advocates, and government agencies is essential in finding sustainable solutions that minimize the negative impact on fish migration while still harnessing the benefits of hydropower.

One of the key aspects of addressing the challenge of fish passage at hydropower dams is the implementation of fish-friendly structures. Various types of fish passage structures, such as fish ladders, elevators, bypass channels, nature-like fishways, and trap and haul methods, can assist fish in navigating around or over dams. However, it is crucial that these structures are well-maintained and operated in a fish-friendly manner to ensure the survival of fish populations.

Furthermore, emerging technologies and mitigation measures show promise in enhancing fish migration at hydropower dams. Tools that guide fish away from turbine intakes and technologies like electroshocks, which safely flush fish through turbines, are being developed. These innovations aim to further improve fish passage and mitigate the impact of hydropower generation on fish populations.

Ultimately, the challenge lies in finding a balance between renewable energy generation and the protection of our natural environment. By engaging in discussions and collaborations, stakeholders can work together to implement fish-friendly measures and safeguard the long-term health of our aquatic ecosystems. With continuous innovation and a shared commitment to sustainable solutions, we can achieve a future where hydropower coexists harmoniously with fish migration and environmental protection.